Not enough I/O pins in the FPGA board for your design??

As you may have seen most of the FPGA boards have 8 switch inputs, 4 push buttons, 8 led's. There are other ways to increase I/O by using features like seven segment display, VGA monitor, RS232, DAC and ADC etc. But these features may make the design pretty complex and time consuming.

In such cases we can simply use the basic led's or switches in a multiplexed manner. In this article I have shown how to tackle such a problem in case you are out of input pins. But the same concept apply for output pins also.

Our design is named as my_design which has a 32 bit input and 8 bit output. Considering a typical FPGA board, we dont have 32 switches or push buttons. Suppose we have 8 switches. The idea is to apply the input in four stages of 8 bit each. This is how you do it.

1st stage : Set switches for 1st byte(LSB), press the push button.
2nd stage : change switches for 2nd byte and press the push button again.
3rd stage : change switches for 3rd byte, press the push button again.
4th stage : change switches for 4th byte(MSB) and press the push button again.
The code for my_design: 

library IEEE;
use IEEE.STD_LOGIC_1164.ALL;

entity my_design is
    Port ( input : in  STD_LOGIC_VECTOR (31 downto 0);
           output : out  STD_LOGIC_VECTOR (7 downto 0));
end my_design;

architecture Behavioral of my_design is

begin

output <= input(31 downto 24) and input(23 downto 16)
        and input(15 downto 8) and input(7 downto 0);

end Behavioral;

  The code just does the AND operation between the 4 bytes of the 32 bit number entered.

Now the code for reducing the input numbers. I call this module as a wrapper module. This job of this module is to get the input in stages, concatenate it together and apply it to the instantiated my_design.

Code for wrapper module :

library IEEE;
use IEEE.STD_LOGIC_1164.ALL;
use IEEE.STD_LOGIC_UNSIGNED.ALL;
use IEEE.STD_LOGIC_ARITH.ALL;

entity wrapper is
    Port ( Clk : in  STD_LOGIC;
              push : in STD_LOGIC;
           input : in  STD_LOGIC_VECTOR (7 downto 0);
           output : out  STD_LOGIC_VECTOR (7 downto 0));
end wrapper;

architecture Behavioral of wrapper is

component my_design
port(   input : in  STD_LOGIC_VECTOR (31 downto 0);
      output : out  STD_LOGIC_VECTOR (7 downto 0));
end component;     

--state machine type
type stype is (idle,get_byte,delay);
signal s : stype := idle;
signal c1,c2 : integer := 0;
signal temp_reg : std_logic_vector(31 downto 0) := (others => '0');
       
begin

uut : my_design port map
        (input => temp_reg, --concatenated signal
        output => output    );

process(Clk)
begin
    if(rising_edge(clk)) then
        case s is
            when idle =>
                if(push = '1') then
                    s <= get_byte;
                    c1 <= c1+1;
                end if;
            when get_byte =>
                temp_reg( (8*c1-1) downto (8*(c1-1)) ) <= input;
                s <= delay;
            when delay => --delay for a time gap.
            --this delay is required to avoid the same byte getting 
            --registered into temp_reg for a single push button click.
                c2 <= c2+ 1;
                if(c2=25000000) then --for a 50 mhz clock, this generates a 0.5 sec delay.
                    c2 <= 0;
                    s <= idle;
                    if(c1=4) then
                        c1 <= 0;
                    end if;
                end if;
        end case;
    end if;
end process;

end Behavioral;

I am using a state machine in the code, to get this done. The state machine has 3 stages.
1)idle - here system waits for a push button click.
2)get_byte - the system gets the switch inputs and stores in the temp_reg.
3)delay - system waits for a particular time(here 0.5 sec) doing nothing. This is to avoid duplicate registering of the same input. 

A testbench was created for testing the design. The simulation waveforms are given below for your better understanding.